O.E. Rössler, H. Kuypers, H.H. Diebner and M.S. El Naschie:

Almost-Black-Holes: an Old-New Paradigm. (pdf)

Chaos, Solitons & Fractals 9, 1025-1034 (1998)

Abstract:

The so-called Schwarzschild factor, which determines the relativistic redshift of almost-black-holes, is used to establish an analogy between redshift phenomena on three different mass levels: neutron stars, quasars and cosmos. Secondly, a topological argument of the surgery type is intoduced to suggest the existence of a distance-dependent redshiftlaw in almost-black-holes. Thirdly, an "embedding" of the Friedmann "big bang" solution into a more robust Scharzschild neighborhood is proposed and discussed from the viewpoint of its internal stability.